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Asturias Theodoric of Verona. New translation

Composed in Bergen (Norway) during the reign of Håkon IV (1217-1263) is one of the most emblematic and important medieval Germanic literature. It picks up an almost encyclopedic a series of mainly German origin legends, structured around the central figure of the famous Ostrogoths King Theodoric the Great.
remember that the great Theodoric, who was in command of the Visigoths Hispania against the Swabians. For those stuck in the north of Portugal. Defeated in the Battle of River Orbigo. Taking over the kingdom of the Visigoths. Not for nothing was also a Geat, a Goth of this is, in short, a seminal work of entertaining reading not only records a wealth of information from sources now lost, or offers other interesting versions of epics preserved, but also is the only global narrative that exists in medieval literature on the life and destiny of one of the most legendary monarchs of all time along with Charlemagne and Arthur of Britain. "

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Duke Pedro of Cantabria

Pedro de Cantabria was Duke Cantabria. He was probably born somewhere in the Cantabrian mountains and died AD 730. His son, Alfonso I "the Catholic" (son of Don Pelayo), his grandchildren and several were elected kings of Asturias and the Asturian nobility.
Until the nineteenth century, based on the ancient chroniclers, it was believed he was the son of the Visigoth king Ervigio, but some historians and genealogists today doubt it. Not know the name of his or their wives.
The eldest son of Duke Peter of Cantabria, Alfonso I, was the third king of Asturias and father of King Fruela I of Asturias. His second son, Fruela, was the father of kings and Bermudo Aurelio, and gave birth, through his son Bermudo, one of the main lineages of which came from the monarchs of the kingdoms of Asturias, León, Navarra, Castilla and Aragon, who later would give rise to the kingdoms of Spain and Portugal. According to old chronicles
Muslim, in the year 714, Musa ibn Nusair takes and sacks for the second time Amaya, the capital of the Duchy of Cantabria, forcing Peter and his family to hide behind the mountains. They combined forces with the leader Asturias Pelayo to fight the Muslim invaders, who are defeated in the Battle of Covadonga. It is likely that, following the usual Gothic, Pedro send his son to the royal court in Cangas de Onis Pelayo. According to the passage transcribed below the Albeldense Chronicle, Duke and King Pedro Pelayo agreed to merge their domains through the marriage of Alfonso (son of Peter) to Ermesinda (daughter of Pelayo):

Adefonsus, Pelagi gen, reg. an. XVIIII. Iste fuit filius Petri Cantabriae Ducis, et dum Asturias come Ermesindam Pelagii filiam proecipiente Pelagius, accepit

of Setién Enrique Flórez. Spain sacred t. XIII, par. VI

After the death, on 14 September in the year 739, during a hunt-for Favila (who had succeeded his father as king Pelayo astures), Alfonso is appointed the first king of unified domains in hereafter be known with the name of Asturias. Posterity knows the name of Alfonso I the Catholic. "
Gonzalez Echegaray, J., The Cantabrian, Ed Library Studio, Santander (Spain)

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World Visigoth - Pan Gothia

For anyone interested, Pan-Gothia, Visigothic world. Has been reopened with a new format. You can access the page by clicking on the image

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Around the province visigotización Palentia

Since

in 456 Theodoric the Great defeated the Swabians in Astorga and a Goth army is seated on the western side of the peninsula, can said that the military occupation Visigothic Hispania was made. Of a new wave of settlements leaves Chronicle Caesaraugustana record saying that between 494 to 497, where Eurico period was considered a part owner of our country, there was a new insight of Goths. Although not with the intensity that presented subsequently took place after the destruction of the kingdom in Vouille Toulousain (A. 507), at which point the story begins Hispanic Visigothic kingdom itself.

Once started on the Peninsula the Visigothic rule stage, the province of Palencia is reflected in her through the types of evidence: a beside those of such material must be reflected in the archaeological map of the province, and secondly, the literary type, preferably the records of the councils held during the Visigothic monarchy, through their subscriptions will highlight the evolution of Palencia headquarters during this period in its history.

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in Spain do not see the flag until the twelfth century. Alfonso VII of León (1126-1157) adopted the heraldic lion, and Alfonso VIII of Castile (1157-1214) adopted the emblem of the castle for his coat. In Aragon coat of arms was introduced in the reign of Alfonso II (1162-1196), as it tells the Chronicle of San Juan de la Peña monarch he "moved their arms and senyales of Aragon and lit sticks."

The first pieces where undoubtedly make an appearance the "bar", no room any chance of discussion is on the stamps of the chancery of Alfonso II, King of Aragon and Ramon Berenguer IV's son and Dona Petronilla. This use, about being true and documentable, is regular. So you can take to prove that the first known use of official and "bar" occurs on a King of Aragon, who indicated in his coat and clothes from his horse.

From that moment, the universal tradition calls such suits "bars of Aragon" and, at the time, late, they begin to canonize the rules of the art of heraldry, the word "Aragon" is specifically to designate clubs gules on gold field.

whole tradition, persistent, the Aragonese royal chancery means always, the emblem palado, with names such as "nostre senyal reial", "signum regni nostri", "senyal dels Reys d'Aragon," etc., referring stubbornly and expressly to the condition of the royal coat of arms, who were the rulers of Aragon precisely because they are kings of Aragon, and for no other reason. When the kings of Aragon before the conquest of Valencia by Jaime I - refer to the clubs, do it in those terms, and is, that, when they do not have any royal title, as Counties of Catalonia future are not and have conquered, yet, Valencia.

King of Aragon is sole owner of that emblem. Hence, the king who, in using these specific powers, granted to some major cities and people the honor of appearing legally and officially, as especially associated with him. Thus, for example, occurs with capitals of various states Hispanic, with the exception of Zaragoza, for reasons of special arrangements: a Mallorca and Valencia, who possessed no weapons themselves for having been under Muslim rule, are granted the use of royal arms, with an attachment or brisura (range color) help verify the distinction between the emblem of the sovereign and the respective cities. In Barcelona, \u200b\u200bwhose shield is the Cross, later evolved to form georgina (cross gules on silver), the Aragonese sovereign (at a time, count of the city and its own territory) provides also the use of sticks, which are combined in heraldry Barcelona with a distinctive cross the city for centuries.

In 1172 King Alfonso II of Aragon Millau annexed to the Crown of Aragon. In 1187 a letter from King confirms the rights of Millau and its six consuls-free social and legal administration policy for its inhabitants receiving the arms of King of Aragon. Alfonso II be the first king to grant the use of the bars of Aragon, and Millau the first city to receive them, it is the granting of "vexillum nostrum," royal standard "for exclusive use in the seal of the town, which traditionally become the current label Concejil:

http://oszerrigueltaires.wordpress.com/2008/05/06/19-millau/

While a king of Aragon uses in his arms a number of clubs gules Other members of his family, so contemporary, use fewer: the decline in heraldry serves, at once, to show how the user (spouse, sibling or child of the sovereign, usually) belongs to the House of Aragon, but is not the monarch himself, working out, with this simple and common course record, at once the problem of identification of the lineage, and the safeguarding of exclusive use on the full emblem, which corresponds to the king only.

Regarding the provision to be adopted, it is clear that, in Shields, is his natural, that is, vertical. But when it comes to flags, the kings of Aragon, stood, according to numerous testimonies medieval graphics in landscape mode. Hence, while not very heraldry the term "bar" to the "sticks", not bad the use of this word if it refers to its representation in any position. When the banner was carried by way of script, that is, as transposition of the shield, the tissue used to be square and supported by the shaft and a top rail, subject to the one at right angles. But if guns are available in royal flag, the medieval paintings abundantly represented horizontally, both in terms Alcaniz Teruel, Daroca, Barcelona, \u200b\u200betc. And without exception, in official documents and medieval and Renaissance chronicles referred eternally to this sign as "Aragon", whose battle cry or cheer the troops, from whatever source (including the strictly Catalan) of the kings of Aragon.

Banner of the Kings of Aragon That

gules clubs were strictly private emblem of the King of Aragon (and not even the family of each individual sovereign) and who were cinese inextricably linked to whom the Crown of Aragon in the strict sense (that of the kingdom particular) proves the changes of dynasty, as when Ferdinand I of Trastamara assumes, without having used them before, clubs, having been elected king of Aragon by Caspe electors.

be good also noted that the distinctive emblem and one of the "Provincial General de Catalunya" (now "Government") was always to the cross of St. George, according to data provided by the fifteenth century Zurita and officially becomes apparent in such high-profile date and modern as the Catalan revolt against Philip III, justified by MPs in a written and edited so famous, in which abounds frontis precisely the cross emblem also appears on stamps of the same institution, with representation from San Jorge sometimes, and not the "bars" (the bears the stamp of the Royal Court in Catalonia, which is significant for its connection to King), that where itself is shown in those belonging to the Provincial of the Kingdom of Aragon. Source


bars.

The most accepted hypothesis of the origin and possible signal of the House of Aragon would be the trip of Sancho Ramírez (1064-1094) in Rome in 1068 to consolidate the young kingdom of Aragon offered in allegiance to the Pope, even documented servitude in the amount of the tax of 600 gold marks per year. After that trip the kings of Aragon take the familiar emblem on gold red bars, in memory of former vassal relationship, inspired by the colors characteristic of the Holy See, documented on the tapes lemniscus Vatican stamps and still visible today in the Vatican umbrella.

In any case, there is nothing repugnant to the origin of the papal emblem, if it is false that was used by anyone before by King Alfonso II.


Legends, manipulations and lies.

Tomb of Ramón Berenguer II: controversy over the origin of the "bars of Aragon."

Tomb of Ramón Berenguer II was found in 1982 in the Cathedral of Gerona, a smooth, rectangular sarcophagus whose only exterior decoration, in good condition, consists of a sequence of 17 vertical strips about 5 cm, alternately red and gold, identified with the traditional weapons of the Crown of Aragon.

According to some authors (Fluvià, Martin de Riquer ...), this primitive coffin Gerona come to support the thesis of Catalan origin of the saying that bars the county of Barcelona race was red emblem sticks on a gold background before to the junction of County of Barcelona with the Kingdom of Aragon and therefore, even before the birth of heraldry documented in Western Europe (1141-1142).

The existence of emblem of gold-and red sticks in the original tomb of Ramon Berenguer II is questioned by experts and academics in heraldry Alberto Montaner Frutos and Faustino Menéndez Pidal de Navascués, for whom the heraldic decoration of the tomb is an addition on his transfer 1385 inside the Cathedral of Gerona on the initiative of Pedro IV of Aragon, so that the aforementioned painting would be 300 years later, since, according to these authors, it is impossible to retain the painting in the open in its original location for three centuries . For his part, English Francesca Bertram, who studied in depth the grave, says that the paintings "in no case be contemporary at the time of initial burial. "


Ramón Berenguer IV Seal

have also been used arguments in favor of FC Barcelona of teaching based on reasons and numismatic sigillography all of them without exception, inconsistent. Fundamental part in these arguments is some official stamp of Ramón Berenguer IV. From this count the number of sovereign, preserved (very well publicized by the famous sphragistic Sagarra Ferran), all appear, as usual, a noble horseman and warrior, horse coat and gowns. The shield, in the known specimens is smooth. The specimens are stored in Marseille, quite deteriorated, presented in the rider pointed shield certain scratches that have been interpreted by some as hints or traces of the "bars." Direct examination of the parts, the study of their reproduction, especially for the label in 1150, very imaginatively drawn, and the good sense to many researchers allowed a remarkable degree of doubt, to the extent that is not supported universally, this argument as evidence of anything. In fact, there are different reasons (and not only by the low visibility of the imprint of the seal) for that. First, the irrefutable fact that such a shield has a boss, an outgoing spherical projection, at its core, which is already exceedingly difficult to imagine, broken by him, the "bars." Secondly, it is commonplace that, in some of these medieval shields, clubs are represented, but not with heraldic significance, but accurate portrayal of those who were external reinforcements to give the war shield greater resistance to shock. Third, that when the war shield heraldic emblems are displayed, and more in the case of a sovereign dynasty, these emblems are reproduced in the trappings of the mount, what we obviously did not happen. And fourth, that the aspect that offer vertical strokes in the repeated shield is quite clear to those who do not contemplate biased, the impairment of simple scratches and strokes are not recorded on the same label.

Two arguments of great weight, it added. We know the heraldry used by Ramón Berenguer IV in pieces such officers and need a set of rules as their currency sovereign Count of Barcelona, \u200b\u200bthese pieces of silver, like those of his predecessors, showed no other insignia (other than a rod or lis) that of the cross, typical of Barcelona and its Casa Condal, which always had its own emblem, the oldest known seal of the city of Barcelona showing "bars" besides the traditional cross is from 1289. Such use of the cross was derived after the special name of the currency county of Barcelona's "croat" or "crossover."


The Legend of the Hairy Wifredo

Historians Martín de Riquer and Menéndez Pidal de Navascués attributed to the Valencian historian Pere Antoni Beuter (1490 -1555), in his Second Part of the General Chronicle of Spain, printed in Valencia in 1551, the invention of the widespread legend that attributes the origin of the bars golden field gules an epic episode of the biography of Count Wilfred the Hairy, "Wilfred Pilos, founder of the House of Barcelona. According to this account, Wifredo, after contributing to a victory in open battle on the Normans, was the Frankish emperor Louis the Pious a yellow shield on which a reward, the king himself painted, with fingers stained with blood from the wounds of the count, four red sticks.

This legend as such, has no historical basis, for neither the use of arms and the emperor were contemporaries of Wilfred. Louis the Pious died in 840 while Wilfredo the Hairy was born in 873.


The true sign of the Counts of Barcelona

Much insist Catalan nationalists and separatists, and many people now believe that the sign of the Counts of Barcelona were the four bars, despite not having any evidence and demonstrate that their arguments are refuted in this article.

But what if there is evidence of the use of the cross by the Counts of Barcelona.

Ramón Berenguer II

The Count of Barcelona. Registration of image: "In • R (amon) • Beretta • • e march comte (e) s • in • Barch (e) canvas • attorneys • d'Espanya".

With shield, surcoat, helmet, banner, housings and scabbard with the emblem of the cross gules plain silver field assigned as personal weapons. Thumbnail

first third of the fourteenth century in the edition of the Usages of Barcelona manuscript preserved in the Z-III-14 of the Escorial Library.

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ram% C3% B3n_Berenguer_con_sus_armas_personales_-_Cruz_de_San_Jorge.jpg

http://www.artehistoria.jcyl.es/granbat/obras/28900.htm

Ramón Berenguer III

Currency

Ramón Berenguer III. On one side the cross, the sign of the Counts of Barcelona.

http://www.identificacion-numismatica.com/medievales-cristianas-f4/dinero-de-ramon-berenguer-iii-1096-1131-ceca-barcelona-t7099.htm

Ramón Berenguer IV

currency Ramon Berenguer IV in one of its faces the Cross, the sign of the Counts of Barcelona.

http://www.identificacion-numismatica.com/medievales-cristianas-f4/diner-de-ramon-berenguer-iv-barcelona-1113-1162-dc-t4842.htm?highlight=berenguer



Roger de Lauria (1245-1305) and marine origin Italian military service to the Crown of Aragon:

"Ne single name galley think its another dog vexell go over sea, under guidance of King of Arago; it not only galley, ne Lenya, believes that more dogs are raised on fish nengun sea, or if Hun door or shield King senyal d'Arago the COHA, per show Guiatges of that noble senyor, the King and Cecilia d'Arago. "

" I do not think any other boat galley or dare to go over the sea without the safe conduct of the King of Aragon, but not limited to gallery, or log, because I do not think any fish would dare to rise above the sea, if not wearing a coat or sign the King of Aragon in line, to show the pass of that noble lord, the King of Aragon and Sicily.

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The Great War and Ors

This name was known in Catalonia that has happened to the history books with the name of War of the Convention or the War of Roussillon. In it, Catalan enthusiastically participated in defense of their religion, their king and their country against the French revolutionaries.
After the outbreak of revolution in 1789, France was wrecked in a storm of violence that reached its peak in 1793, when the government called the Convention, led by Robespierre and Marat, decided to settle the issue by passing the monarchy of Louis XVI and his wife by the guillotine.

The implementation of the last Capet caused revulsion across Europe, especially Spain also ruled by the dynasty.

The war against Spain, parallel to the sustained against Austria, Prussia and Britain, began with the declaration of war by France on 7 March 1793. The English people, long and deep Catholic and monarchical tradition, enthusiastically welcomed the news of the mobilization against regicide France and rushed to enlist in the volunteer battalions.

One of the regions where they lived this mobilization more patriotic spirit, giving generous donations and soldiers, Catalonia was the reason for their triple border situation, which became the main theater of operations, secular and anti-French sentiment religious and traditionalist character of its inhabitants. Throughout Catalonia

heard the cry of "A French kill!", Even to paste leaflets calling for the expulsion of the French had on English territory and the declaration of war against the enemies of God and kings. The influence of the Catalan public opinion was high in the English Government on the need to go to war against France, as not all the directors of Charles IV in favor of it.

The main offensive was conducted in Catalonia, where thousands of volunteers poured in, chanting "Déu, Country and Rei! - To fight against the French Republic singing songs like these:

" French Aquells

malvats contraris

are nostro majors, have

maldats

eat many treacherous and despicable. Brave

catalans

anems tots to the defense side Campanya

nostre Deu,

Lley, Patria y Rey de Espanya "

(Those French are our greatest evil opponents, have committed many evils treacherous and despicable. Valorous Catalan , we all go to the campaign to defend our God, Law, Nation and King of Spain).

"To arms, to arms, espanyols!

Catalans, the gun, the gun!

That the French frenetich

provokes us and amenassa.

border Privinguda

the troop millor Espanya,

tothom looking forward to entering the ordre to the Fransa.

espanyols temau No, no,

mallograr this campaign,

constant fortune follows you

favorable "

(To arms, to arms, English! Catalanes, the gun, the gun just got the frantic French provokes and threatens us. stemmed at the border of Spain's best troops, everyone waits impatiently for the order to enter France. Fear not English, not waste this campaign, which continued favorable fortune is with you. ")

In July 1793 he formed a volunteer corps of Barcelona under the theme "Religion, King and Country." The call and response is repeated for all the regions of Catalonia, which brought thousands of "Miqueletes" that would have major role in the fight, especially after the withdrawal of the army of Ricardos and the entry into English territory of the Republican troops.

The Catalans had also a further reason to move against revolutionary France, as seen in this struggle the chance to recover norpirenáicas counties that remained under French sovereignty after the war of 1640-1652.

El Diario de Barcelona published on July 6, during the making Bellaguarda by Ricardos troops, three sonnets, one in Catalan and Castilian two, celebrating the victory. Hopes for recovery of the Catalan counties lost the previous century and liberation of France from the revolutionary government were expressed in these verses:

"Ja thundering bronse the active força Bellaguarda

upward breaks rock and rendered

the foch viu, that suffocate,

the garrison surrenders, ys'fa captive.

The French Gall abac crest are proud

of pride that leads to tot it mon,

and the Lleó devant bada no mouth, if that fuig

aturdit quant ell above.

Vallespir, Roselló, the entire French English value

the excesses admires

ja

expected resist despair ja, ja

rages against Cel but raves;

that vol qui Cel is that about Spain

what Roselló, Navarra and Sardinia "

(bronze already thundering active force broke Bellaguarda high rock, and surrendered to live fire, which suffocates the lining delivered, and made captive. The French Rooster Abbe crest proud of his pride, which causes worldwide, and to the Lion does not say a peep, she flees stunned when it arrives. Vallespir, Roussillon, France English Whole excess value admires, and expected to resist, and despair, and rages against Heaven, but delirious, heaven is the one who wants to return to Spain Roussillon, Navarra and Sardinia.)

norpirenáicas In many localities, a century and a half after its separation from Spain, was received Ricardos troops as liberators shouting "Long live Spain!" and expressing his desire to become subjects of Charles IV, as in Rock d'Albera, Sureda, the Menera, Costoja and Sant Llorenç de Cendans.

A testimony of an eyewitness, published in the Gaceta de Madrid in April 1793, described the reception of English troops in Sant Llorenç:

"His Majesty's troops had been received, particularly in the town of S. Lorenzo Cerda, with the greatest joy, the people under arms, and distinguished individuals shouting long live the King, Long live Spain, long live Religion, wept with joy when they heard their rightful vicar at Mass praying for the King and the Pope (...). "

Despite the rapid victories of the English army in France was fought without much conviction because of the threat of large enemy on the seas during the eighteenth century, England.

military results began to go wrong: the French counter-offensive, in the absence of supplies from the English army, managed to enter land Principality Guipúzcoa and the Aran Valley, Sardinia and the Empordà, and also undefeated Ricardos general died suddenly of pneumonia in March 1794 and his successor, General O'Reilly few days later.

Godoy In July 1795 Peace of Basel, according to which the Gallic troops withdrew from Spain in exchange for the cession to France of the English part of the island of Santo Domingo.

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After a distant age of glorious literary culture, whose heyday was in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, the Catalan language fell into disuse due mainly to the strength of the English, which was naturally adopted by the Catalan culture and its language . The language was not lost, it continued to be used by the majority of Catalans, especially in rural areas, but the use of writing, especially literary, almost disappeared.

Four centuries later, in mid-nineteenth century, coinciding with the rediscovery of Europe's other regional languages \u200b\u200bfall into oblivion because of the prestige of the languages \u200b\u200bof national roll Catalan, initially called Limousin by all, experienced a spectacular rebirth that would take many years to bear fruit extraordinary hand of a galaxy of literary adventure set out to re-write in the language of Desclot and Muntaner.

One of the main architects of the Renaissance, known universally by the term Catalan Renaissance, was the historian, essayist and poet Barcelona Joaquim Rubio i Ors, born July 31, 1818. He studied philosophy and theology in his hometown, where he later obtained a doctorate in law after leaving their original ecclesiastical vocation.

Following the publication in 1833 of the Ode to asylee Homeland Aribau, no other writer had dared to break the taboo that the Catalan language was not suitable for the cultivation of literature. That had been the view of famous Catalan artists of previous generations, as Capmany (who had declared "dead language for the republic of letters"), and his own days as Milà i Fontanals, and the same Aribau Piferrer.

But in 1839 began to appear monthly in the Journal of Barcelona a few poems Rubio i Ors, signed with the pseudonym The Llobregat Gaytan, which would be collected in book two years later. In his foreword Rubio complained of being alone, that no consider a contemporary author of Catalan as a literary language and championed its cultivation in a bilingual region used for such purposes only English.

The appearance of these poems caused much controversy and many troubles to the author because the vast majority of his countrymen ridiculed the claim of using a language that literally considered outdated and can only be used for family relationships, especially among the lower classes and rural . Rubio had expected, since in the prologue and warned that "the sembler molts an extravagance, a ridícol anacronisme" ("many will seem an extravagance, a ridiculous anachronism "), while grieved that his countrymen" are avergonyeixen that the sorprengue parlant en català, com a criminal caught in the acte qui "(" shame of being caught speaking in Catalan, as whom a criminal caught in the act ").

More than half a century later, well into the twentieth century, the creator of Catalan nationalism Enric Prat de la Riba, lamented that "poor families considered an insult, an insult, that they write letters in Catalan" .

Rubio's son, Antonio Rubio y Lluch, during a speech in memory of his father at the Royal Academy Letters of Barcelona in February 1912, explained the attitude of one's contemporaries:

"(...) illustrate an entire generation who loved the language of Castile with veneration and enthusiasm, which put extreme care not to fall into the Catalan lower, or turn to avoid a little castizo, who did not understand national literary language other than English or Catalan poetry conceived but as a conventional language, a sort of Provencal or Limousin, far removed from common speech. "

However, others were soon to follow in the footsteps of Rubio, including the hitherto reluctant Milà i Fontanals and Mariano Aguilo, Bofarull and Victor Antonio Balaguer.
This momentum would eventually causing the restoration of the Floral Games of Barcelona in 1859.

Although rarely remembered today, Rubio has also written many poems in Castilian, as entitled to my country celebrating the recent war in Morocco:

"So when the African

yesterday tried to sully our banners

, saw himself at

the shadow of the English banner

Catalans

fight like lions "

In his maturity, Rubio wrote a long poem dedicated to Spain's fight against Islam, De Covadonga to Granada. These are the last lines:

"Oh! glory, Spain, to you. You went the wall

do horrendous waves crashed

that break the Pyrenees fence

had exchanged their future

wild

a servant of Mohammed

Europe that Rome had

to break the yoke hard.

Oh! if ... if the cross shines on Europe, and not moan

in infamous bondage;

if your cervix does not dull your knife, and its plant

no rust stain

of crickets, a tyrant monster

African soil, after God, oh beloved country,

Debelo the people of the lightning war, and your monarchs

heroes who, in Granada,

the crusader banner that

Pelayo Covadonga

at the foot of received,

in the air triumphantly gave Alhambra "And in another

Instead he sang to the union of kingdoms that succeeded the English unit after the fragmentation caused by the Muslim invasion:

"Poets of Castile, where it was once just

between our parents were now ay! peace,

floor and was burning Spain arena of struggle

the haughty Castilian and Catalan bold

deposed complaints, united banners,

tower bar and forming a shield, the former enemies

trocáronse

brothers because uniéronse in Castilla y Aragón "

In recognition of his merits the Government's Office was awarded the Grand Cross Isabel la Católica.

On March 29, 1899 he was appointed rector of the University of Barcelona, \u200b\u200ba position he only had a week as died in his hometown on April 7.