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Bonaventura Carles Farriols

turning
The manager unwittingly spark the recovery of Catalan culture and language was the scholar, economist and politician Barcelona Aribau i Farriols Bonaventura Carles, born in Barcelona on 4 November 1798.

Enjoys poetry since his youth, compiled in 1817 under the title Essays of poetry, his early writings in English.

also wrote a handful of verses in Catalan and Italian. During the triennium

liberal wrote, in line with political developments those days, romantic poetry and songs of liberal and patriotic exaltation:

"While you are persecuting slaves
oh, Lopecio, with fierce cry, sing
I intend to free, not in vain
am free and singer.
Benjamin
receives the praises of a stranger who is superior, you're
captive
and French and English and I am sir. "

Throughout his life he collaborated, he founded and edited numerous publications, of varying circulation, duration and success, dedicated to the defense of liberal political ideology moderate (The Constitution, The English, The Spain, La Nación, The Voice of Reason, The European correspondent, etc.).

On the other hand, Aribau must be one of the most important publishing initiatives throughout the XIX English, the creation of the Library of English Authors, launched with the help of an editor Catalan, Manuel Rivadeneira, and for which remarkable wrote introductory studies for several of the works in it appeared.

The Aribau most famous poem Ode to the Motherland is written in Catalan, which appeared in the newspaper El Vapor on August 24, 1833. As Aribau was not used to write in Catalan had to ask for help from his friend Frank Renart i Arus to correct her mistakes.

Catalan representatives of later decades Aribau reproached that apart from the famous Ode, no write in Catalan rather than three short poems of little importance compared to its copious production in Castilian, as well as its disregard for the movement recovery of Catalan that he had involuntarily turned his poem. Not only that, but Aribau even publicly praised the efforts of the English Government to generalize in all domains the same language. "

Manel Montoliu, for example, where Aribau study published in 1936, said:

"We can not talk, unfortunately, Aribau catalan, even in the most attenuated. " Later

Aribau served various positions in government, as a member of the Council of Agriculture and Commerce, Treasury director general, director of the Mint and Real State Farm, etc.

As an economist he defended protectionism and to this end he founded in 1861 The Economic Truth, from whose pages battled supporters of free trade.

As a politician, he played in the ranks of moderate liberalism. His main contribution was writing his Reflections on the irrelevance of the planned reform of the Constitution, booklet published in 1844. Aribau

died in his hometown, after a lengthy illness, on 17 September 1862.

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Aribau and Why to the Principality of Catalonia? Jaime Balmes

Principality of Catalonia is the historic and traditional name Catalonia. It is a legal term (in Latin principatus) that appeared in the fourteenth century to name the territory under the jurisdiction of the Catalan Courts, the sovereign of which (Latin princeps) was king of the Crown of Aragon. The

Usatges make the title of Princeps match the Count of Barcelona.

often used the noble title of prince by the heir to the crown. In the case of the Crown of Aragon, heir held the title of Duke of Gerona, later changed to Prince of Gerona. Do not confuse therefore the Principality of Catalonia with a title .

the first fixing of boundaries between the two constituent territories of the Crown of Aragon was produced in 1214: trying to declare a general ceasefire in Catalonia is considered that it reaches up to five, although this border will undergo several changes to Over the same century.

The first reference to principatus Cathaloniae is at the invitation of the Parliament of Perpignan, 1350, chaired by King Pedro the Ceremonious, although the 65 of the Courts usatges Barcelona in 1064, at the time of Count Ramon Berenguer I, already known to the whole assembly principatus counties of Barcelona, \u200b\u200bGerona and Osona .

The same Count Ramon Berenguer I is called "Prince of Barcelona, \u200b\u200bCount of Gerona and Osona Marquis" (princeps Barchinonensis, eat Gerundensis, marchio Ausonensis) in the Proceedings of the consecration of the cathedral of Barcelona, \u200b\u200bin 1058.

Principality's name continued to be used in the decrees of New Plant of the Bourbon administration and was fully in force until the nineteenth century. However, in the Royal Decree of 30 November 1833 by establishing provincial division Spain's Javier de Burgos, the only prince mentioned is that of Asturias, Catalonia listed just like that.

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These were the Alans

The Alans are generally tall and handsome, with almost all blond hair. His gaze before is fierce martial, not yielding to the Huns in the speed of the attack and warlike: but they are more civilized in their way of dressing and feeding. The enjoyment that the characters are peaceful and quiet at rest, what do they consist of danger and war. To the Alans the highest honor is to lose their lives in the battlefield. Die of old age or accident is a disgrace for which there are many outrages, and kill a man is never well celebrated heroism. The most glorious trophy is the scalp of the enemy, serving as decoration on the horse behind the winner. The weak by age or sex is concerned, outside and around the cars, things that do not require physical strength. But the hardy men, accustomed from childhood in horse riding, considered dishonorable to use your feet. The war has no accidents have not done rigorous training, so they are excellent soldiers. If the Persians are warriors by nature, are to originasiamente circulated blood through his veins Scythian.
Among them religion has no church or building, not even a thatched shrine. A naked sword stuck in the ground, is the emblem of Mars, or rather, the god of war, the supreme deity and your barbaric altar of devotion.

Ammianus Marcellinus

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who was destined to be one of the most fertile European religious thinkers of his time, Llucià Antoni Jaume Balmes i Urpi, Vic was born on August 28, 1810.

studied philosophy and theology, which completed later at the University of Cervera. For four years he was professor of mathematics at the College of Vic



published in 1839 in The Catholic Madrid a paper entitled On celibacy of the clergy, he suddenly announced as a great scholar and writer. In the brief eight years separated the time of his death Balmes developed a literary, philosophical, political and journalistic amazing. He wrote many works that are still relevant today for the universal Catholic thought.

fervent patriotism interested in the many problems of the turbulent Spain of his time, spent much of his activity in political affairs. The bulk of production in this field is reflected in numerous newspaper articles he wrote in the last years of his short life, an ardent patriotism born of pain caused him the bad government of the Nation:

"Is there any more excusable loss that is born of righteous indignation? And justice is outraged the feelings running through his veins English blood, thinking about the immense misfortune of this nation, great in itself, and dwarfed, crushed and lost by those who have governed. "

In 1845 he moved to Madrid, where he founded the monarchist newspaper Thought of the Nation, whose wording is occupied almost all by himself. The program pursued with the newspaper Balmes condensed thus:

"set the principles on which to settle in Spain Government nor despise the past, nor neglect the present, or lose sight of the future, a government which, without ignoring the needs of the time, do not forget the rich religious heritage, social and politics that gave us our elders, a Government firm without obstinacy, avenging humane, grave and majestic without irritating disdain of pride, a Government that is as key to building great place where all views are reasonable and obey all legitimate interests. "

The main objective pursued by Balmes with sections of political opinion was the union of the English, he believed in an era in which the factions of parties and cliques energy unnecessarily spent by politicians and made the nation ungovernable. Ending

dynastic dispute between Carlist and Elizabethan, the first armed confrontation had just ended after seven years of bloody fighting, was one of the obsessions of Balmes, who worked to arrange a marriage between the Earl of Montemolín (the Charles VI Carlist, eldest son of Carlos María Isidro) and her cousin, the young Queen Elizabeth II, so that the heir to unite in his person the two branches faced.

On the War of Independence wrote Balmes many of its pages:

"meanwhile was heard the cry of alarm and the English people, alone, without a king, no government, no leaders, as an athlete rose and fell with spirited boldness on the many battle-hardened legions flooded their fields and occupied its major cities and fortresses, and this town was the same people who surnamed thin, lethargic and debased. "

"The great nations of Europe, such as bright and powerful nations, had humbly bent his neck (...) and English soldiers fought undaunted rookies with veterans who came edged with imperial trophies conquered Europe, and when large capitals of Europe and its most impregnable fortresses had been humiliated before French armies, Zaragoza, Tarragona and Girona fun with their steadfastness and courage all the efforts of value, experience and art. Everyone knows what the big ideas that put the time in motion to the English people: religion, country and King. "

on the historical unity of Spain wrote, relying on the distant Middle Ages and again in the recent war against France:

"At that time the monarchy could not be one because it condoned the situation in the country, occupied largely by the Saracens (Muslims), but as they walked by continuing to the shores of the Mediterranean provinces gathered under one rule. León and Castile, Catalonia and Aragon have this phenomenon, and the monarchs who conquered Granada look under his scepter the whole of Spain (...). To say that life in Spain is the federal spirit that provincialism is more powerful than the monarchy, is to venture to sustain what at first view is contradicted by history, is to assume a strange phenomenon, whose existence should doubt how great were appearances indicate that (...). In 1808 all provided with the best opportunity so that if the monarchy in Spain had been an institution false or flimsy, comes off and do pieces, federal provincialism presenting its own unique character and natural tendencies. But that did not happen: the nation was bigger than their kings, yes, bigger, more generous, because the nation is also made threats, and the despised, the nation saw coming upon them the iron and fire, and despised; to the Nation is provided with the rosy promises, and the despised, the nation was told, "that tenacity will cost you your peace, your treasures, the blood of your children," and the nation responded to more than its quietness and treasure and blood of their children, value their independence and honor (...). The appearance of numerous boards in all parts of the kingdom, far from indicating the spirit of provincialism, served to demonstrate more entrenched monarchical unity, because after the first moment it was necessary for everyone to come to his own best defense so that it could be organized and established the central board, meekly paying people to recognize and respect as a sovereign power. (...) And this part is still more remarkable singularity, which is that without agreeing the different provinces, even having had time to communicate, and separated from each other by the armies of the usurper, a rose in all flag. Neither in Catalonia nor in Aragon, and Valencia, and Navarre, the Basque provinces or the cry arose for the old charter. Independence, Nation, Religion, King, here are the names that were written in all manifest in all the proclamations, in all sorts of speeches, these are the names that were invoked throughout with admirable uniformity (...). Was never more alive the feeling of nationality, never more clearly expressed the fraternal unity of all the provinces. Neither the Catalans were hesitant to go to relief of Aragon or Aragonese in helping to Catalonia, and both sides considered themselves happy if they could encourage something to his brothers of Castile (...) English and English were nothing more than well Catalan covering his grim face with the red cap as the Andalusian is outlining the calanes airy. " Similar

reflections dedicated to the then recently concluded Carlist War:

"It is false that there is true provincialism, because neither the Aragonese and Valencian people, or the Catalans remember their old rights, nor the people know what is talking about when they mention, if scholars ever mention antiques enthusiasts. Even in the northern provinces is not true that the fear of losing the rise was caused and sustained the war, those who saw things closely know very well that the dominant cry Navarra and the Basque provinces was the same as ringing in the Mastership and in the mountains of Catalonia. "

And on the responsibility of citizens on the present and future of their nation, which lies only to them and can not leave it to others, wrote these lines:

"We must take the facts, not as you wish, but as they are. It is foolishness to swing in vain hopes, is daring to want to crash into the nature of things, is cowardice folded in the presence of misfortune, and bow and mourn. Spain itself is saved when you save it, otherwise you will not: Spain regain her composure if she works to get it back, otherwise no: Spain will be the government if it uses its resources to blows, and states, and take root, otherwise no: Spain will end the system that already has some years of rule intriguing, and disturbing, and exploiting, if she tries to stop effectively, if not, no: And I repeat, if not, no, if Spain does not think herself, if not remember the past, if it serves the present, if not look to the future, if neglected as good faith and loose as fatigue, let him say a few and do everything in her name, even against it, then neither will the government, no peace, nor repose, no hope of prosperity, and will be subjected to rough gangs, cliques miserable, foreign intrigue, will be the mockery and scorn of other nations (...). "

Shortly after being elected to the Royal English Academy died in his hometown on July 9, 1848, thirty-seven years of age.